SIGNAL PHRASEĪ signal phraselets your reader know that you are paraphrasing or quoting an idea from someone else's work. Typically, your writing will use either a signal phrase or a parenthetical citation to indicate your source. Depending on your sentence construction, these could appear separately or together. Example using a signal phrase for two authors: Kirchoff and Cook (2016) argue that some overlook the importance of teaching basic computer literacy skills when teaching multimodal composition.įigure 1: In-text citations in a sample APA essayįor more information about APA style in-text citations, please visit the OWL of Purdue.APA in-text citations usually consist of three parts: author, year published, and page or paragraph number.344).ĭo not use an ampersand (&) in signal phrases instead, use the word “and.”
Example of a direct quote using a signal phrase: Moran (2003) argues that some teachers think “technology is good and that it will bring good” (p. Example of paraphrased information using a signal phrase: Sheppard (2009) argues that there is a need for students to adapt to this changing digital landscape. Insert the author’s name and year into your sentence to act as a signal phrase. This also means that you do not need an additional parenthetical citation. Using signal phrases to cite information means that you add the citation to your sentence(s). Example of paraphrased information from multiple authors: Education embraced emotion research from psychology and argued that emotion affects learning (Efklides & Volet, 2005 Pekrun, 2006 Pekrun, Frenzel, & Peery, 2007). This is especially useful when many authors have similar arguments or have found similar results. Use semi-colons to demonstrate the use of multiple authors. Example paraphrased information: Some universities have developed laptop programs requiring students to either own or lease laptops (Fried, 2008). Paraphrased information does not require the use of page numbers. Example direct quote cited with a parenthetical citation with an author: Multimodal composing offers students opportunities to make meaning and communicate using affordances that “could expand that notion of control beyond words on a page” (Takayoshi & Selfe, 2007, p. If you’re directly quoting, then include page numbers. Example of citations following the first: (Anderson et al., 2006). Example of the first use: (Anderson, Atkins, Ball, Millar, Selfe, & Selfe, 2006). For each citation following the first, use the first author’s last name and “et al.” When citing three or more authors, include all of their names the first time you cite them. Example of citing two authors: (DePalma & Alexander, 2015). When citing two authors, include both of their names in each citation. Example of the use of an ampersand: (Kirchoff & Cook, 2016). When citing two or more authors in a parenthetical citation, use an ampersand (&) in place of the word “and.” Example of a parenthetical citation with no author: (“Cats are Great,” 2011). If there is no author, then place the source title (with quotation marks and title caps) and the year inside: Example of a parenthetical citation with an author: (Smith, 2010). If there is an author, then place the author’s last name and year of publication inside: When including parenthetical citations, be sure to place a comma between information and place a period after the parenthesis. It begins with parenthetical citations (those that use parentheses to denote citations in the text), moves into signal phrases citations (those that cite information within sentences), and concludes with a visual annotated example of in-text citations. The purpose of this section is to provide you with information and examples pertaining to APA style in-text citations. 
Appendix A: Documentation Styles (MLA & APA) 53 Applying APA Citations: In-Text Citations
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